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Sunday, May 31, 2020

Smithsonian Volcano Expert Answers Questions on Topics Ranging From Yellowstone's 'Big One' to Skunk Pee



Outdoorsy Volcano Expert Answers Your Questions in Season 2 of ‘The Dr. Is In’






Smithsonian Geologist Liz Cottrell answers your questions in the second season of the National Museum of Natural History’s YouTube series, “The Dr. Is In.” (Smithsonian Institution)
Smithsonian Geologist Liz Cottrell answers your questions in the second season of the National Museum of Natural History’s YouTube series, “The Dr. Is In.” (Smithsonian Institution)



The wait is finally over. The Smithsonian’s popular YouTube series “The Dr. Is In” is back for season two with a new host. Join Geologist Liz Cottrell as she answers your questions about geology, the great outdoors and living off the grid.



Watch the season premiere below and find out when Yellowstone’s super volcano might erupt next. And don’t forget to subscribe on YouTube so you don’t miss the next episode on May 30.



Related stories:
The Dr. Is In: Are Birds Dinosaurs and Other Questions from Our Readers
Was the Loch Ness Monster a Plesiosaur and Other Questions from Our Readers, Including Slash (Yes, THE Slash)
The Dr. Is In: Cat-loving Paleontologist Answers Your Questions in New YouTube Series












Anna Torres

Anna Torres is a Public Affairs Specialist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History. She translates the museum’s science and history-based research and collections information into compelling stories through media relations and the museum’s blog, with additional duties in communications and public affairs. When she isn’t at the museum, Anna spends her time traveling and playing soccer. Anna holds an MA in history and public history from American University.


More From This Author »
















#Nature | https://sciencespies.com/nature/smithsonian-volcano-expert-answers-questions-on-topics-ranging-from-yellowstones-big-one-to-skunk-pee/

Crew Dragon docks with ISS

WASHINGTON — A Crew Dragon spacecraft docked with the International Space Station May 31, less than a day after making history as the first human orbital spaceflight from the United States in nearly nine years.


The spacecraft, named Endeavour by its crew of NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley, docked with the station’s Harmony module at 10.16 a.m. Eastern. The spacecraft’s approach to the ISS went smoothly, with docking taking place nearly 15 minutes ahead of schedule.


“It’s been a real honor to be be just a small part of this nine-year endeavor since the last time a United States spaceship has docked with the International Space Station,” said Hurley moments after docking, thanking NASA and SpaceX for their efforts developing the Crew Dragon spacecraft as part of NASA’s commercial crew program.


Behnken and Hurley were scheduled to open hatches and enter the ISS around 12:45 p.m. Eastern, joining NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy and Roscosmos cosmonauts Anatoly Ivanishin and Ivan Vagner.


The spacecraft launched on a Falcon 9 at 3:22 p.m. Eastern May 30, marking the first crewed orbital launch from the United States since the final space shuttle mission, STS-135, in July 2011. Behnken and Hurley said in a brief NASA TV session early May 31 that the spacecraft was working well.


That included using the manual controls of the spacecraft, which ordinarily operates autonomously. “I want to complement the teams at Hawthorne. Just a spectacular job with the simulator as the vehicle flew exactly like the simulators out in Hawthorne,” Hurley said, referring to SpaceX’s headquarters in Hawthorne, California.


Behnken, though, noted that those simulators weren’t able to fully capture the experience of launch. “Doug and I were talking about all of the observations that we had all the way uphill,” he said. “While it was an exciting ride, I think we got a couple of minor surprises, just in terms of the way the vehicle is moving and shaking.”


While docking took place only 19 hours after liftoff, the two astronauts said they were able to test various aspects of the spacecraft, including the ability to sleep inside the capsule. “Doug and I had a good night’s sleep last night,” Behnken said. “We were surprised, I think, at how well we actually slept aboard the vehicle.”









#Space | https://sciencespies.com/space/crew-dragon-docks-with-iss/

SpaceX Crew Dragon delivers two NASA astronauts to International Space Station


CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (Reuters) - Just under 19 hours after launching from Florida, NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley arrived at the International Space Station aboard SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule on Sunday, marking the first U.S. space capsule to do so with a crew since 2011.


After a tense automatic docking sequence successfully linked Crew Dragon to the station’s docking adapter, the station’s current crew greeted Behnken and Hurley at an on-schedule hatch opening at 1:02 p.m. EDT. The critical milestone kicks off the crew’s potentially months-long stay in the orbital laboratory.


“It’s been a real honor to be just a small part of this nine-year endeavor since the last time a United States spaceship has docked with the International Space Station,” Hurley said upon a successful “soft-docking.”


The launch on Saturday by SpaceX, the private rocket company of billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk, represented another milestone for the reusable rockets it pioneered to make spaceflight less costly and more frequent.


It also marked the first time that commercially developed space vehicles - owned and operated by a private entity rather than NASA - have carried Americans into orbit.


A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center at 3:22 p.m. EDT (1922 GMT) on Saturday for the journey to the International Space Station. Just before liftoff, Hurley said, “SpaceX, we’re go for launch. Let’s light this candle,” paraphrasing the famous comment uttered on the launch pad in 1961 by Alan Shepard, the first American flown into space.


Reporting by Joey Roulette; Writing by Daniel Wallis; Editing by Lisa Shumaker and Chizu Nomiyama







#News | https://sciencespies.com/news/spacex-crew-dragon-delivers-two-nasa-astronauts-to-international-space-station/

Erosion of ozone layer responsible for mass extinction event

Researchers at the University of Southampton have shown that an extinction event 360 million years ago, that killed much of the Earth's plant and freshwater aquatic life, was caused by a brief breakdown of the ozone layer that shields the Earth from damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This is a newly discovered extinction mechanism with profound implications for our warming world today.





There have been a number of mass extinction in the geological past. Only one was caused by an asteroid hitting the Earth, which was 66 million years ago when the dinosaurs became extinct. Three of the others, including the end Permian Great Dying, 252 million years ago, were caused by huge continental scale volcanic eruptions that destabilised the Earth's atmospheres and oceans.

Now, scientists have found evidence showing it was high levels of UV radiation which collapsed forest ecosystems and killed off many species of fish and tetrapods (our four limbed ancestors) at the end of the Devonian geological period, 359 million years ago. This damaging burst of UV radiation occurred as part of one of the Earth's climate cycles, rather than being caused by a huge volcanic eruption.

The ozone collapse occurred as the climate rapidly warmed following an intense ice age and the researchers suggest that the Earth today could reach comparable temperatures, possibly triggering a similar event. Their findings are published in the journal Science Advances.

The team collected rock samples during expeditions to mountainous polar-regions in East Greenland, which once formed a huge ancient lake bed in the arid interior of the Old Red Sandstone Continent, made up of Europe and North America. This lake was situated in the Earth's southern hemisphere and would have been similar in nature to modern day Lake Chad on the edge of the Sahara Desert.

Other rocks were collected from the Andean Mountains above Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. These South American samples were from the southern continent of Gondwana, which was closer to the Devonian South Pole. They held clues as to what was happening at the edge of the melting Devonian ice sheet, allowing a comparison between the extinction event close to the pole and close to the equator.





Back in the lab, the rocks were dissolved in hydrofluoric acid, releasing microscopic plant spores (like pollen, but from fern like plants that didn't have seeds or flowers) which had lain preserved for hundreds of millions of years. On microscopic examination, the scientists found many of the spores had bizarrely formed spines on their surface -- a response to UV radiation damaging their DNA. Also, many spores had dark pigmented walls, thought to be a kind of protective 'tan', due to increased and damaging UV levels.

The scientists concluded that, during a time of rapid global warming, the ozone layer collapsed for a short period, exposing life on Earth to harmful levels of UV radiation and triggering a mass extinction event on land and in shallow water at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary.

Following melting of the ice sheets, the climate was very warm, with the increased heat above continents pushing more naturally generated ozone destroying chemicals into the upper atmosphere. This let in high levels of UV-B radiation for several thousand years.

Lead researcher Professor John Marshall, of the University of Southampton's School of Ocean and Earth Science, who is a National Geographic Explorer, comments: "Our ozone shield vanished for a short time in this ancient period, coinciding with a brief and quick warming of the Earth. Our ozone layer is naturally in a state of flux -- constantly being created and lost -- and we have shown this happened in the past too, without a catalyst such as a continental scale volcanic eruption."

During the extinction, plants selectively survived, but were enormously disrupted as the forest ecosystem collapsed. The dominant group of armoured fish became extinct. Those that survived -- sharks and bony fish -- remain to this day the dominant fish in our ecosystems.

These extinctions came at a key time for the evolution of our own ancestors, the tetrapods. These early tetrapods are fish that evolved to have limbs rather than fins, but still mostly lived in water. Their limbs possessed many fingers and toes. The extinction reset the direction of their evolution with the post-extinction survivors being terrestrial and with the number of fingers and toes reduced to five.

Professor Marshall says his team's findings have startling implications for life on Earth today: "Current estimates suggest we will reach similar global temperatures to those of 360 million years ago, with the possibility that a similar collapse of the ozone layer could occur again, exposing surface and shallow sea life to deadly radiation. This would move us from the current state of climate change, to a climate emergency."

The remote locations visited in East Greenland are very difficult to access, with travel involving light aircraft capable of landing directly on the tundra. Transport within the vast field area was by inflatable boats equipped with outboard motors, all of which had to fit in the small aircraft.

All field logistics was organised by CASP, an independent charitable trust based in Cambridge specialising in remote geological fieldwork. Mike Curtis, Managing Director of CASP says: "We have a history of assisting research geologists such as John Marshall and colleagues to access remote field areas and we are particularly pleased that their research has proved to have such potentially profound implications."





#Nature | https://sciencespies.com/nature/erosion-of-ozone-layer-responsible-for-mass-extinction-event/

How the U.S. Fought the 1957 Flu Pandemic











In April 1957, a new strain of a lethal respiratory virus emerged in East Asia, caught local health authorities by surprise and eventually killed masses of people worldwide. Today, in the age of Covid-19, that scenario sounds frighteningly familiar—with one key difference. Maurice Hilleman, an American microbiologist then running influenza monitoring efforts at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, saw the problem coming and prepared the United States ahead of time. “This is the pandemic,” he recalled saying. “It’s here.”



















Hilleman arranged for the U.S. military to ship samples of the pathogen, believed to be a novel influenza virus, from Hong Kong to his lab in Washington, D.C. For five days and nights, his team tested it against blood from thousands of Americans. They found that this strain, H2N2, was unlike any flu that humans were known to have encountered. When it reached the United States, no one would be immune.








Hilleman moved quickly to alert the government, even predicting when the virus would hit U.S. shores: the first week of September, right when schools would reopen. In the years since the 1918 pandemic, health officials had lost sight of the deadly power of aggressive strains of influenza viruses, and the U.S. Public Health Service ignored Hilleman’s warnings. “I was declared crazy,” Hilleman told the pediatrician Paul Offit, who reports the conversation in his book Vaccinated. Still, having identified the new strain, Hilleman sent samples of the virus to the six biggest pharmaceutical companies, directing them to produce a vaccine for this new flu—and they did, partly out of respect for Hilleman himself. “He had that sort of clout” within the industry, says George Dehner, a historian.








The pandemic of 1957-58 ultimately caused 1.1 million deaths worldwide, and it follows the 1918 crisis as the second-most severe influenza outbreak in U.S. history. Some 20 million Americans were infected, and 116,000 died. Yet researchers estimate that a million more Americans would have died if not for the pharmaceutical companies that distributed 40 million doses of Hilleman’s vaccine that fall, inoculating about 30 million people. His swift and perceptive response to the virus led one expert to predict, according to the New York Times, that Americans could look forward “to the time when common virus diseases will be preventable and treatable and even curable.”








Hilleman went on to join Merck & Co., where he developed vaccines for more than 40 diseases, including measles, mumps and meningitis. But as these illnesses faded from public memory, so did Hilleman, who died in 2005 at age 85. Alexandra Lord, chair and curator of medicine and science at the National Museum of American History, says one irony of public health is that “the more successful experts are, the more people forget about the dangers.”













Listen to Sidedoor: A Smithsonian Podcast








The second season of Sidedoor aired this episode, "Killer Viruses and One Man's Mission to Stop Them"about Maurice Hilleman's work on vaccines.































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#Nature | https://sciencespies.com/nature/how-the-u-s-fought-the-1957-flu-pandemic/

SpaceX Starship prototype destroyed after static-fire test

WASHINGTON — A SpaceX Starship prototype was destroyed in an explosion May 29 shortly after what appeared to be a successful static-fire test.


The Starship SN4 vehicle had just completed a static-fire test at SpaceX’s test site at Boca Chica, Texas, when it was enveloped in a fireball that appeared to emanate from the base of the vehicle at 2:49 p.m. Eastern. The vehicle was destroyed in the test, but there were no reports of injuries. The area around the launch site is evacuated before such tests.


The explosion took place about two minutes after a static-fire test of a single Raptor engine in the base of the vehicle. The engine fired for several seconds and there were no immediate signs of problems after the engine shut down. In the seconds just before the explosion, though, there was extensive venting at the base of the vehicle not seen in previous tests.


SpaceX appeared to be moving toward the first free flight of a Starship prototype using this vehicle. The company received a launch license from the Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation May 28, the same day the company carried another static-fire test without incident. The FAA has also issued restrictions for the airspace above the test site for June 1 and 2 consistent with a “hop” test.



SN4 is the fourth Starship prototype that has been destroyed in testing in a little more than six months. The company’s Starship Mark 1 vehicle, unveiled at a media event in September 2019, was destroyed in November during a cryogenic pressurization test. A second, SN1, was lost in a similar test Feb. 28. A third prototype, SN3, crumpled in an April 3 test, apparently because of a misconfigured test setup.


The company appeared to have more success with SN4, completing a pressurization test April 27, followed by several static-fire tests using a single Raptor engine. Those tests, and the FAA license, suggested a flight test, at least to a very low altitude, was imminent.


SpaceX has already been working on additional Starship prototypes, with observers at the Boca Chica test site seeing work on the SN5 and SN6 vehicles as well as initial hardware for an SN7 vehicle.









#Space | https://sciencespies.com/space/spacex-starship-prototype-destroyed-after-static-fire-test/

Russian space agency calls Trump's reaction to SpaceX launch 'hysteria'

MOSCOW (Reuters) - Russia’s space agency criticized U.S. President Donald Trump’s “hysteria” about the first spaceflight of NASA astronauts from U.S. soil in nine years, but also said on Sunday it was pleased there was now another way to travel into space.




FILE PHOTO: A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spacecraft carrying NASA astronauts Douglas Hurley and Robert Behnken lifts off during NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 mission to the International Space Station from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S., May 30, 2020. REUTERS/Joe Skipper/File Photo


SpaceX, the private rocket company of billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk, on Saturday launched two Americans into orbit from Florida en route to the International Space Station (ISS), a landmark mission that ended Russia’s monopoly on flights there.


Trump, who observed the launch, said the United States had regained its place as the world’s leader in space, that U.S. astronauts would soon land on Mars, and that Washington would soon have “the greatest weapons ever imagined in history.”


NASA had had to rely on Roscosmos, Russia’s space agency, to get to the ISS since its final space shuttle flight in 2011, and Trump hailed what he said was the end of being at the mercy of foreign nations.


The U.S. success will potentially deprive Roscosmos, which has suffered corruption scandals and a number of malfunctions, of the lucrative fees it charged to take U.S. astronauts to the ISS.


“The hysteria raised after the successful launch of the Crew Dragon spacecraft is hard to understand,” Vladimir Ustimenko, spokesman for Roscosmos, wrote on Twitter after citing Trump’s statement.


“What has happened should have happened long ago. Now it’s not only the Russians flying to the ISS, but also the Americans. Well that’s wonderful!”


Moscow has said previously that it is also deeply worried about what it fears are U.S. plans to deploy weapons in space.


Moscow would not be sitting idly by, Ustimenko said.


“..We are not going to rest on our laurels either. We will test two new rockets this year, and next year we will resume our lunar program. It will be interesting,” said Ustimenko.


Editing by Susan Fenton







#News | https://sciencespies.com/news/russian-space-agency-calls-trumps-reaction-to-spacex-launch-hysteria/

What Is Hotter Than the Sun?



What’s Hotter Than the Sun and Other Questions From Our Readers






Smithsonian Geologist Liz Cottrell answers your questions in the second season of the National Museum of Natural History’s YouTube series, “The Dr. Is In.” (Smithsonian Institution)
Smithsonian Geologist Liz Cottrell answers your questions in the second season of the National Museum of Natural History’s YouTube series, “The Dr. Is In.” (Smithsonian Institution)



Join Smithsonian Geologist Liz Cottrell as she answers your questions about rocks, volcanoes, hiking and camping in the second season of the National Museum of Natural History’s YouTube series “The Doctor Is In.”





Find out what’s hotter than the sun, how many active volcanoes are in the United States and which national park is Dr. Cottrell’s favorite in the latest episode. Watch it below and submit your questions on YouTube.





And don’t forget to subscribe so you don’t miss the next episode on June 11!













Related stories:
Outdoorsy Volcano Experts Answers Your Questions in Season 2 of ‘The Dr. Is In’
The Dr. Is In: Are Birds Dinosaurs and Other Questions from Our Readers
Was the Loch Ness Monster a Plesiosaur and Other Questions from Our Readers, Including Slash (Yes, THE Slash)












Anna Torres

Anna Torres is a Public Affairs Specialist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History. She translates the museum’s science and history-based research and collections information into compelling stories through media relations and the museum’s blog, with additional duties in communications and public affairs. When she isn’t at the museum, Anna spends her time traveling and playing soccer. Anna holds an MA in history and public history from American University.


More From This Author »
















#Nature | https://sciencespies.com/nature/what-is-hotter-than-the-sun/

Tackling airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors

Preventing airborne transmission of Covid-19 should be the next front of the battle against the virus, argue experts from the University of Surrey.





In a study published by the City and Environment Interaction journal, scientists from Surrey's Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), together with partners from Australia's Queensland University and Technology, argue that the lack of adequate ventilation in many indoor environments -- from the workplace to the home -- increases the risk of airborne transmission of Covid-19.

Covid-19, like many viruses, is less than 100mn in size but expiratory droplets (from people who have coughed or sneezed) contain water, salts and other organic material, along with the virus itself. Experts from GCARE and Australia note that as the water content from the droplets evaporate, the microscopic matter becomes small and light enough to stay suspended in the air and over time the concentration of the virus will build up, increasing the risk of infection -- particularly if the air is stagnant like in many indoor environments.

The study highlights improving building ventilation as a possible route to tackling indoor transmission of Covid-19.

Professor Prashant Kumar, lead author and the Director of the GCARE at the University of Surrey, said: "These past months, living through the Covid-19 crisis, has been truly unprecedented, but we must turn this global tragedy into an opportunity to better prepare for similar threats. An improved indoor ventilation is an important step that can be taken to reduce the risk of infection. However, more must be done to recognise and understand airborne transmission of Covid-19 and similar viruses, to minimise the build-up of virus-laden air in places typically containing high densities of people."




Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Surrey. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.





#Environment | https://sciencespies.com/environment/tackling-airborne-transmission-of-covid-19-indoors/

Trump takes victory lap after Crew Dragon launch

WASHINGTON — President Donald Trump used a speech after the successful SpaceX Crew Dragon launch May 30 to tout his administration’s accomplishments in space, some of which predate his time in office, rather than announce any new initiatives.


Trump spoke inside the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at the Kennedy Space Center a little more than 90 minutes after the Crew Dragon spacecraft, with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley on board, reached orbit in the first human orbital spaceflight from the United States in nearly nine years.


“This is the first big space message in 50 years. Think of that,” Trump said. It was not clear what he meant by that statement, as the speech broke little new ground with regards to space policy, particularly compared to speeches by earlier presidents that announced new policies.


Trump thanked the Crew Dragon astronauts, as well as NASA and SpaceX founder Elon Musk, for the success of the mission, singling out Musk in particular as someone who “truly embodies the American ethos” by taking a risk founding the company. “He could have spent his fortune doing anything, including yachting,” he said. “But, in 2002, he began pouring tens of millions of dollars of his own money into research and development for a new rocket.”


He used the speech largely to celebrate the successful launch as well as other space policy developments during his administration, from last year’s announcement directing NASA to return humans to the surface of the moon by 2024 to the establishment last December of the U.S. Space Force. He did not make any new announcements, either about high-level policy or more specifics, in his half-hour remarks.


“We have created the envy of the world and we’ll soon be landing on Mars and we’ll soon have the greatest weapons ever imagined in history. I’ve already seen designs, and even I can’t believe it,” he said. The Mars reference appeared to be to NASA’s long-term goal of sending humans to Mars, but it was not clear what weapons he was referring to.


He emphasized the importance of space superiority, which he said fit into the “America first” theme of his administration. “As has often been stated, you can’t be number one on Earth if you are number two in space,” he said. “We are not going to be number two anywhere.”


He also criticized the Obama administration for what he perceived as its failure to do more in space. “When I first came into office, three and a half years ago, NASA had lost its way, and the excitement, energy and ambition, as almost everybody in this room knows, was gone,” he said. “The last administration presided over the closing of the space shuttle.”


The space shuttle’s final mission took place in 2011, during President Barack Obama’s first term. However, the decision to end the shuttle program dates back to President George W. Bush in 2004, who announced plans to retire the shuttle after completion of the assembly of the International Space Station, then scheduled for 2010.


Trump made similar comments to a press pool immediately after the launch. “Four years ago, this place was essentially shut down,” he claimed. “The space program was over. The shuttle program was dead. One of the Secret Servicemen said they were here with the past administration — I won’t tell you who — and they were here to shut down the facility.”


Four years ago, there was significant activity at KSC to prepare launch facilities for use by both NASA’s exploration program and commercial partners. That included renovating Launch Complex 39A, which NASA leased to SpaceX for use on Falcon launches, the first of which took place from that pad in February 2017. NASA was also renovating Launch Complex 39B for eventual use by the Space Launch System.


The commercial crew program that Trump celebrated in the speech also predates his administration, formally starting under the Obama administration and building on the commercial cargo program that began several years earlier in the Bush administration.


By contrast, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine credited Charles Bolden, who led the agency during the Obama administration, for his work backing the early commercial crew program. “There was a day when Charlie Bolden, my predecessor at NASA as administrator, was trying to get this program off the ground,” he said at a post-launch press conference. “He had members of Congress on both sides of the aisle that were in opposition to it and wouldn’t adequately fund it, and ultimately gave him a hard time about it.”


Bolden, he recalled, “persevered and he pushed through. That was the beginning of what we all got to experience today.”


The accomplishment of restoring orbital human spaceflight capability to the United States after nearly nine years, however, was overshadowed by both the coronavirus pandemic that has now claimed more than 100,000 lives across the nation, as well as protests in many American cities about the death of George Floyd, who died while being arrested by police in Minneapolis May 25. Those protests have, in many cases, turned violent.


Trump made only a brief reference to the pandemic in his remarks, but spent several minutes at the beginning of his speech saying he would seek justice in the Floyd case and supporting the right for peaceful protest, but decrying violence that he blamed on “radical left criminals, thugs and others.”


Bridenstine, at the press conference, recalled the unifying effect NASA has on the nation during the unrest in the late 1960s as the agency sent astronauts to the moon. “We had this moment in time — July 20, 1969 — when all of America of stopped, literally just stopped, because we had American astronauts walking on the surface of the moon,” he said.


“What is great about NASA is that we bring people together. Everybody loves exploration,” he continued. “I think it happened today, as a matter of fact: all of America stopped.” According to many local and national media reports, protests in several cities were ongoing at the time of the launch, and did not pause for it.









#Space | https://sciencespies.com/space/trump-takes-victory-lap-after-crew-dragon-launch/

Saturday, May 30, 2020

Millipede from Scotland is world's oldest-known land animal



A fossil of a 425 million-year-old millipede called Kampecaris obanensis and unearthed in Scotland is shown in this undated handout photo released to Reuters on May 27, 2020. British Geological Survey/Handout via REUTERS


WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A fossilized millipede-like creature discovered in Scotland may represent the oldest-known land animal, a humble pioneer of terrestrial living 425 million years ago that helped pave the way for the throngs that would eventually inhabit Earth’s dry parts.


Researchers said the fossil of the Silurian Period creature, called Kampecaris obanensis and unearthed on the island of Kerrera in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, inhabited a lakeside environment and likely ate decomposing plants. Fossils of the oldest-known plant with a stem, called Cooksonia, were found in the same ancient lake region as Kampecaris.


While Kampecaris is the earliest land animal known from a fossil, soil worms are believed to have preceded it, appearing perhaps 450 million years ago, according to paleontologist Michael Brookfield of the University of Texas and the University of Massachusetts Boston, lead author of the research published this month in the journal Historical Biology.


Kampecaris, about an inch (2.5 cm) long with a segmented body, resembled modern millipedes but was a member of an extinct group and is not ancestral to millipedes alive today. Its legs were not preserved in the fossil.


It was an arthropod, a broad group that includes insects, spiders, millipedes, centipedes and crustaceans like crabs and shrimp.


Life first evolved in the world’s oceans, with an explosion of diversity beginning roughly 540 million years ago. It took quite some time for life to emerge onto land, beginning with plants likes mosses approximately 450 million years ago. The later advent of plants with stems like Cooksonia helped usher in more complex terrestrial ecosystems.


The first land vertebrates - amphibians that evolved from fish with brawny fins that inhabited shallow waters - showed up about 375 million years ago - ancestors of the reptiles, birds and mammals alive today including our species, which first appeared about 300,000 years ago.


Reporting by Will Dunham; Editing by Sandra Maler







#News | https://sciencespies.com/news/millipede-from-scotland-is-worlds-oldest-known-land-animal/

New Zealand blue whale distribution patterns tied to ocean conditions, prey availability

Oregon State University researchers who recently discovered a population of blue whales in New Zealand are learning more about the links between the whales, their prey and ocean conditions that are changing as the planet warms.





Understanding how changes in climate affect the ability of blue whales to feed gives researchers more insight into the whales' overall health and provides critical information for conservation and management, said Leigh Torres, an assistant professor and director of the Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Laboratory at OSU's Marine Mammal Institute.

"These whales don't move around at random. We found that the same ocean patterns that determine where whales are also determine where their prey are, under both typical and warm ocean conditions," Torres said. "The more we learn about what drives these whales' movement, the more we can help protect them from whatever threats they face."

The researchers' findings were published today in the journal Marine Ecology Progress Series. The study's lead author is Dawn Barlow, a doctoral student in Torres' lab; additional co-authors are Kim Bernard of OSU's College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences; Daniel Palacios of OSU's Marine Mammal Institute; and Pablo Escobar-Flores of the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Sciences in New Zealand.

Torres, Barlow and colleagues recently documented this new population of New Zealand blue whales, which is genetically distinct from other blue whale populations and spends much of its time in the South Taranaki Bight between New Zealand's North and South Islands.

"The goal of our study is to understand the habitat use patterns of this population of blue whales -- why they are where they are and how they respond to changing ocean conditions," Barlow said. "We know this area is important to this population of whales, and we want to understand what it is about this spot that is desirable to them."

The region is often rich in prey -- blue whales feast on patches of krill -- but the prey is patchy and influenced by changing ocean conditions, including warmer temperatures and changes in ocean properties. The South Taranaki Bight also sees frequent shipping traffic and activity from oil and gas exploration and production, Torres said.





Using data collected during typical summer conditions in 2014 and 2017 and warmer than average conditions in 2016, the researchers analyzed how changing ocean conditions affect the blue whales' distribution in the region's waters and the availability and location of their prey within the water column.

They found that during a regional marine heat wave in 2016, there were fewer aggregations of krill for the whales to dine on. With fewer options, the whales pursued the densest aggregations of krill they could find, Barlow said.

The researchers also found that during both warm and more typical ocean conditions the whales were more likely to feed in areas where the water was cooler. During the marine heat wave, when even the coolest water temperatures were higher than normal conditions, the whales still sought the coolest waters available for feeding.

In this region, cooler water temperatures represent deeper water that was pushed toward the surface in a process called upwelling and tends to be nutrient-rich, Torres said.

The nutrient-rich water supports aggregations of krill, which in turn provide sustenance for the blue whales. In their study, the researchers were able to bring all of the pieces of this trophic pathway together to describe the relationships between oceanography, krill and whales.

As warmer ocean conditions become more frequent, this new knowledge can be used to inform and adjust spatial management of human activities in the region in an effort to reduce impacts on New Zealand blue whales, Torres said.

"Documenting information like this can really help us understand how to reduce threats to these animals," Torres said. "We need continued monitoring to understand how these whales will respond to both the changing climate and human impacts."




Story Source:

Materials provided by Oregon State University. Original written by Michelle Klampe. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.





#Environment | https://sciencespies.com/environment/new-zealand-blue-whale-distribution-patterns-tied-to-ocean-conditions-prey-availability/

Crew Dragon in orbit after historic launch

WASHINGTON — The first crewed orbital launch from the United States in nearly nine years took place May 30, placing a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft with two NASA astronauts on board into orbit, bound for the International Space Station.


A Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center at 3:22 p.m. Eastern. The Crew Dragon spacecraft atop the rocket’s upper stage separated 12 minutes later after achieving low Earth orbit.


The launch took place on the second attempt for the Demo-2 mission, after the first attempt May 27 was scrubbed less than 20 minutes before the scheduled liftoff because of inclement weather. Weather for this attempt was unsettled for much of the day, with only a 50% chance of acceptable weather in the hours leading up to liftoff. Conditions improved, though, through the afternoon, allowing the launch to proceed.


The Crew Dragon is scheduled to dock with the ISS at about 10:29 a.m. Eastern May 31, 19 hours after launch. After docking, Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley will remain on the station for up to four months to assist the one NASA astronaut currently on the station, Chris Cassidy, while the next Crew Dragon is prepared for a launch now scheduled for no earlier than Aug. 30.


The launch is the culmination of an effort that dates back more than a decade to develop a successor to the space shuttle for transporting NASA astronauts. The Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, started by NASA in 2005, supported the development of commercial cargo vehicles, including the original SpaceX Dragon spacecraft. The COTS program included an option for crew transportation, but NASA did not exercise that part of its award to SpaceX.


NASA then started the commercial crew program in 2010 with a series of funded Space Act Agreement initiatives to SpaceX and other companies. In 2014, Boeing and SpaceX won Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contracts to complete development and testing of their commercial crew vehicles and for initial flights to the ISS. SpaceX’s award was worth $2.6 billion.


At the time of the CCtCap awards, NASA expected to have the spacecraft completed and certified for flying NASA astronauts by 2017. But development delays pushed back the schedule for both companies, exacerbating earlier delays in the program caused by funding shortfalls.


SpaceX flew the Crew Dragon spacecraft for the first time in March 2019 on the Demo-1 mission, going to the ISS without a crew on board. That flight was a success, but a little more than a month after the Demo-1 spacecraft splashed down, it was destroyed during a static-fire test of the SuperDraco thrusters in its launch abort system.


That accident pushed back an in-flight abort test of the spacecraft, where the capsule separated from a Falcon 9 rocket in flight, to January. That test was a success, and final testing of the spacecraft, including its revamped parachute system, cleared the way to proceed with the Demo-2 crewed mission.


Behnken and Hurley both joined the NASA astronaut corps in 2000. Behnken flew on the STS-123 shuttle mission in 2008 and STS-130 in 2010. Hurley flew on STS-127 in 2009 and STS-135, the final space shuttle flight, in 2011. The two joined the commercial crew “cadre” of astronauts in 2015 to train on both the Crew Dragon and Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner vehicles, providing inputs from an astronaut’s perspective for both companies.


“This is a great time in America to be able to do this again,” Hurley said in comments May 20 when he and Behnken arrived at KSC for the launch, calling the development of commercial crew vehicles a “marathon” by NASA and SpaceX. “I think it’s kind of a culmination. It’s that next stage of human spaceflight.”









#Space | https://sciencespies.com/space/crew-dragon-in-orbit-after-historic-launch/

NASA resumes human spaceflight from U.S. soil with historic SpaceX launch

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (Reuters) - SpaceX, the private rocket company of billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk, launched two Americans toward orbit from Florida on Saturday in a mission that marks the first spaceflight of NASA astronauts from U.S. soil in nine years.




FILE PHOTO: The SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft, atop a Falcon 9 booster rocket, is connected to the crew access arm and launch tower on Pad39A at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S., May 29, 2020. REUTERS/Steve Nesius


A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center at 3:22 p.m. EDT (1922 GMT), launching Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken on a 19-hour ride aboard the company’s newly designed Crew Dragon capsule bound for the International Space Station.


Crew Dragon separated from its second stage booster at 3:35 and has entered orbit.


The craft launched from the same pad used by NASA’s final space shuttle flight, piloted by Hurley, in 2011. Since then, NASA astronauts have had to hitch rides into orbit aboard Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft.


“It’s incredible, the power, the technology,” said U.S. President Donald Trump, who was at Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral in Florida for the launch, “That was a beautiful sight to see.”


The mission’s first launch try on Wednesday was called off with less than 17 minutes remaining on the countdown clock. Weather again threatened Saturday’s launch, but cleared in time to begin the mission.


NASA chief Jim Bridenstine has said resuming launches of American astronauts on American-made rockets from U.S. soil is the space agency’s top priority.


For Musk, the launch represents another milestone for the reusable rockets his company pioneered to make spaceflight less costly and more frequent. And it would mark the first time commercially developed space vehicles - owned and operated by a private entity rather than NASA - have carried Americans into orbit.


The last time NASA launched astronauts into space aboard a brand new vehicle was 40 years ago at the start of the space shuttle program.


If the mission is scrubbed again, the next launch window would be Sunday afternoon.


Musk, the South African-born high-tech entrepreneur who made his fortune in Silicon Valley, is also CEO of electric carmaker and battery manufacturer Tesla Inc. He founded Hawthorne, California-based SpaceX, formally known as Space Exploration Technologies, in 2002.


Hurley, 53, and Behnken, 49, NASA employees under contract to fly with SpaceX, are expected to remain at the space station for several weeks, assisting a short-handed crew aboard the orbital laboratory.


Boeing Co, producing its own launch system in competition with SpaceX, is expected to fly its CST-100 Starliner vehicle with astronauts aboard for the first time next year. NASA has awarded nearly $8 billion to SpaceX and Boeing combined for development of their rival rockets.


Trump called the launch the beginning, saying that eventually there would be flights to Mars. He was joined at the viewing by Vice President Mike Pence, Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, Florida congressman Matt Gaetz and Senator Rick Scott.


Earlier on Saturday, the crew bid goodbye to their families. Prior to getting into a specially-designed Tesla for the ride to the launch site, Behnken told his young son, “Be good for mom. Make her life easy.”


During the drive, Behnken and Hurley passed former astronaut Garrett Reisman holding a side saying “Take me with you.”


Reporting by Joey Roulette and Steve Holland in Cape Canaveral, Fla.; Writing by Steve Gorman; Editing by Daniel Wallis and Bill Berkrot







#News | https://sciencespies.com/news/nasa-resumes-human-spaceflight-from-u-s-soil-with-historic-spacex-launch/

Remains of 60 Mammoths Discovered in Mexico










Last year, archaeologists discovered huge earthen pits dug by humans some 15,000 years ago in an area just north of Mexico City. Inside those pits were the remains of more than a dozen mammoths, some of which showed signs of being butchered. This discovery led researchers to hypothesize that these pits were in fact traps laid by human ancestors to capture huge, prehistoric prey, reported the Associated Press in 2019.



















Now, another mammoth graveyard has been found just six miles away, though archaeologists so far see no signs of human involvement in the demise of the roughly 60 mammoths that have been unearthed, reports Mark Stevenson for the Associated Press.








The glut of mammoth bones are spread across three sites, reports Christine Hauser for the New York Times. One of the sites is situated at what was once the muddy shoreline of an ancient lake called Xaltocan that has long since dried up.








mammoth bones and archaeolgist

The bones of roughly 60 mammoths were discovered north of Mexico City during the construction of a new airport. Here an archaeologist works on one of the specimens.

(INAH via AP)








Archaeologist Pedro Francisco Sánchez Nava of the INAH says in the statement that the mammoth skeletons found on the former shoreline of Xaltocan were better preserved than those excavated from what would have been the lake’s deeper waters. The shoreline contingent, which included adult males as well as females and their offspring, may have gotten stuck in the mud of the shallows after being lured in by its lush reeds and grasses, Sánchez Nava tells the AP. Mammoths could mow down roughly 330 pounds of greenery every day, and Xaltocan would have been “like paradise for them,” Sánchez Nava tells the AP.








So far, researchers have found no signs of the animals having been butchered by humans, but, per the statement, Sánchez Nava says the possibility that humans took advantage of the heavy animals once they got stuck in the mud has not been ruled out.








Going a step further, Sánchez Nava tells the AP that ancient human hunters might have used the lake muck to their advantage. “It’s possible they may have chased them into the mud,” he tells the AP, adding that “they (ancient humans) had a very structured and organized division of labor” for obtaining mammoth meat.








The discovery has the potential to reshape how frequently our ancestors dined on the now-extinct pachyderms. “They used to think it was very chance, sporadic,” Sánchez Nava tells the AP. “In fact, it may have been part of their daily diet.”







What caused woolly mammoths to die-off so quickly? New evidence suggests an unfavorable climate may have contributed to a loss of grazing habitats, which eventually drove them to extinction.






The vast majority of mammoths went extinct around 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age, but a population in the hundreds managed to eke out an existence on Wrangel Island off the coast of Russia until around 4,000 years ago.








The dig in Mexico began in October, and all signs seem to point to the final tally of mammoth remains continuing to grow.








“There are too many, there are hundreds,” Sánchez Nava tells the AP.








With the current count at 60, the excavation has so far produced around 10 mammoths a month, which Sánchez Nava tells the AP may continue. The dig is scheduled to end in 2022, when the airport’s construction is expected to finish.












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Newly Discovered Pygmy Seahorse Species is the Size of a Fingernail










In 2017, diving instructor Savannah Nalu Olivier was exploring the eastern coast of South Africa in Sodwana Bay when she spotted something surprising: a tiny seahorse no bigger than her fingernail. When pygmy seahorse expert Richard Smith and biologist Louw Claassens saw photos of Olivier’s find, they realized she had made a huge discovery, Douglas Main reports for National Geographic.



















Until now, only seven pygmy seahorse species had been identified worldwide. One of those species was discovered in Japan, and the remaining six were found in the Coral Triangle in the eastern Pacific. This newly discovered South African species lives 5,000 miles away and is the first pygmy seahorse discovered in the Indian Ocean, per a University of Leeds statement.








“It’s like finding a kangaroo in Norway,” Smith, pygmy seahorse expert and co-author on the study, tells National Geographic.








The research team published their findings in the scientific journal ZooKeys this month. They dubbed the tiny seahorse Hippocampus nalu, a reference to the Olivier’s middle name. “Nalu” also translates to “here it is” in the local isiXhosa and isiZulu languages—“to show that the species had been there all along until its discovery,” some of the study authors write in a piece for The Conversation.








The tiny creatures have a honey-brown color and a reddish tail which allows them to blend in with the surrounding algae and sand. According to a PBS video from 2015, most pygmy seahorses survive by camouflaging against the corals or algae where they live. Their exceptional camouflage abilities, combined with their tiny size, make finding pygmy seahorses “like finding a needle in a haystack” for scientists, according to a statement from Smith, a pygmy seahorse expert and one of the paper co-authors.




















A female Hippocampus nalu


(Photograph by Richard Smith, via University of Leeds)










Hippocampus nalu grow to a maximum size of 2 centimeters—so small that two of them would fit, tail to snout, across the length of a United States nickel coin. Researchers even collected one juvenile that measured just a centimeter long, according to Smith’s statement.








These newly classified seahorses have spiky, pointed spines on their backs, whereas the other known species of pygmy seahorse have flat-tipped spines, according to National Geographic. They were also discovered in a stormy area of the Sodwana Bay prone to large swells. This was surprising, considering that most other species of pygmy seahorses have been found in relatively sheltered coral reefs, per the authors’ article in The Conversation.








In an interview with National Geographic, Thomas Trnski, head of natural sciences at the Auckland Museum in New Zealand, says that this discovery “demonstrates that there are still many discoveries to be made in the oceans, even in shallow waters near the coast.” Trnski, who was not involved in the study, points out that almost all of the pygmy seahorse species have been discovered in the last 20 years.








Claassens, a co-author on the study and director of Knysna Basin Project says in a University of Leeds statement: “What an exciting journey—from a chat on a beach to finding the first South African pygmy seahorse!”








“This should be a call to action for all divers,” Claassens continues. “New discoveries might just be around the next reef.”












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Op-ed | Space Force should bring in expertise from other military services

The Space Force should leverage the infrastructure and accessions pipeline from the other services.


The United States Space Force was established to organize, train, and equip space forces for warfighting in the space domain.


As the service begins to get off the ground, there are key questions that its leaders need to address as they plan for the future. One of them is whether the Space Force can create a unique and independent culture.


Initially the Space Force culture will be much like the Air Force’s, with the majority of personnel being former airmen.


Officials have suggested that the Space Force will develop its own culture over time as it sets up separate chains of command, uniforms and naming conventions for ranks and units.


While these artifacts will over time be associated with the culture of the service, the public attention on them has drawn a great deal of confusion and mockery. The name we call a member of the Space Force is important and must resonate with the culture (‘Sentinels’ gets my vote) more is needed to create the identity of a service.


One way for the Space Force to become more culturally independent would be to leverage the infrastructure and accessions pipeline from the other services modeling after the Army’s successful space operations officer model. That would help the Space Force consolidate capabilities that would help build its doctrine and organization.


DoD should seek from Congress the authorities necessary to establish additional end strength for each of the services to support this model. Congressional support will enable the Space Force to be better prepared to achieve its mission of providing space capabilities to the joint force; this will allow the continuous integration of members from each of the services without impacting their core focus of operations in the space domain.


A cross-service accessions model would enable a modest portion of the Space Force to have members from each service. The core element of the Space Force should be made up of those who begin their military career there. But a cross-service model would address cultural concerns, and reduce the cost and overhead required to establish a new recruitment, training, and leadership and education path within the Space Force for those capabilities transferred from other services.


A successful model


In the Army’s Functional Area (FA) 40 model for space operators, Soldiers are developed in their basic branches (field artillery, infantry, armor, signal, and engineer) and transition to become an FA40 after they serve at least a few years to contribute and learn their craft.


The transition to becoming an FA40 includes the space operations officer qualification course to ensure the FA40 understands Army space capabilities and is familiar with all aspects of space operations. A key to successful integration is the foundation built in their basic branch. The FA40 understands the need for an artillery or infantry unit to use satellite communications or positioning, navigation and timing because they have used those capabilities in their basic branch. As a space expert, the FA40 also understands the vulnerabilities of space capabilities.


To promote retention, a Soldier accepted into the FA40 career field is required additional service obligations. The United States Military Academy has recently established a program for space science majors and minors. Cadets sign contracts ensuring that after their initial term of service in a basic branch, they are guaranteed acceptance as an FA40.


Similarly, for the Army’s satellite control (SATCON) mission with the Wideband Satellite Operations Centers (WSOCs), Soldiers assigned to the 53rd SATCON battalion are trained initially like all satellite communications specialists in the Army. Soldiers are recruited, attend basic training, advanced individual training for satellite communications, and then require specialized training for the SATCON mission. When they arrive at their unit, they control the communications payloads in support of the joint force.


The Space Force already has a successful inter-service model seen recently with the first class of cadets from the U.S. Air Force academy. Rather than developing their own complete recruitment and accessions system, the DoD should establish target quotas from each of the services to contribute trained and ready personnel for a portion of the Space Force.


For example, if the Army were to transfer the SATCON capabilities including the 53rd SATCON battalion, the Space Force could expect a number of Army communicators each year.


Similarly, the Navy could be called on for some portion of its acquisition force to join the Space Force to ensure Navy user requirements are considered and better understood early in the capability development process.


As the Space Force attempts to improve their acquisition practices, drawing on trained personnel from each of the services can bring best practices and ideas from each. There are unique aspects to providing space capabilities to dismounted Soldiers and ground vehicles compared to sailors out in deep waters. The requirements for power, signal reception and interoperability with other service specific equipment require understanding those aspects for the particular missions.


The DoD could establish a similar tool to the Army’s Assured Functional Area Transfer with each of the services. Under this model, recruits or cadets would sign contracts ensuring their transfer into the Space Force after their three to four-year mark in service with an additional obligation to be served in the Space Force.


The ability to develop joint training pipelines, identifying Soldiers, sailors, airmen, marines and coastguardsmen who will transfer to the Space Force upon completion of at least their first two years of service may provide additional incentive to attract talent.


The case against


The initial consolidation of capabilities from the other services will bring an injection of joint culture and service appreciation. But the effects of this initial consolidation will be temporary and fade over time as those members from the other services exit the military. At best, the infusion of other service members will impact the culture for little more than a decade.


There is a case to be made for the establishment of liaisons between the services. The development of joint billets reserved for service members from each of the services in key positions within the Space Force would provide valuable expertise. However, the temporary nature of the assignment and static positions does not provide the same type of influence in culture that an inter-service transfer would. Transitioning from a parent service to the Space Force provides a unique type of loyalty and buy-in while not sacrificing the experience and expertise gained from the originating service.


In order to execute this without adding risk to the services, Congress will have to approve a modest top-line end strength and minor budget increase equivalent to the quota feeding the Space Force. This concept should not be adopted if it introduces additional risk to the core mission of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard or Air Force. If it costs the Army a battalion or a Navy crew, which would otherwise fight on the land or in the sea, then the risk is too great.


The Army and Navy are the biggest users of space capabilities and have a significant stake in ensuring the Space Force is successful while retaining the space expertise required for integration within their services. Even if this model is not followed, each of the services must ensure their equities are considered.


Maj. Joe Mroszczyk is the president of the Army Space Professionals Association, National Capital Region Chapter. He is currently working at the U.S. Army Asymmetric Warfare Group and recently served in the office of the principal DoD space advisor staff and secretary of the Air Force for space staff. The views expressed in this article are entirely those of the author and do not reflect the official position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Army.









#Space | https://sciencespies.com/space/op-ed-space-force-should-bring-in-expertise-from-other-military-services/

SpaceX, NASA to try again for landmark launch of two astronauts from Florida

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (Reuters) - Elon Musk’s private rocket company SpaceX was set for a repeat attempt at launching two Americans into orbit on Saturday from Florida for a mission that would mark the first spaceflight of NASA astronauts from U.S. soil in nine years.




FILE PHOTO: The SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft, atop a Falcon 9 booster rocket, is connected to the crew access arm and launch tower on Pad39A at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S., May 29, 2020. REUTERS/Steve Nesius


The mission’s first launch try on Wednesday was called off with less than 17 minutes remaining on the countdown clock due to stormy weather around the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral.


The forecast for Saturday was likewise precarious. Mission managers plan to make an earlier decision on weather hazards in a bid to avoid unnecessarily wearing out the crew with another suit-up and full day of launch preparations.


“Back-to-back wet dress rehearsals” disrupt the astronauts’ sleep cycles, NASA chief Jim Bridenstine told a Friday news conference.


Barring weather or other unforeseen problems, the 24-story-tall SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket is due to lift off at 3:22 p.m. EDT, propelling astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken aloft on a 19-hour ride to the International Space Station.


They will be carried there inside the newly designed Crew Dragon capsule, making its first flight into orbit with humans aboard.


The launch pad is the same one used by NASA’s final space shuttle flight, piloted by Hurley, in 2011. Since then, NASA astronauts have had to hitch rides into orbit aboard Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft.


Bridenstine has said that resuming launches of American astronauts on American-made rockets from U.S. soil is the space agency’s top priority.


For Musk, the launch represents another milestone for the reusable rockets his company pioneered to make spaceflight less costly and frequent. And it would mark the first time that commercially developed space vehicles - owned and operated by a private entity rather than NASA - have carried Americans into orbit.


The last time NASA launched astronauts into space aboard a brand new vehicle was 40 years ago at the start of the shuttle program.


President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence visited the Kennedy Space Center three days ago for the first launch attempt. Trump said he plans to return for Saturday’s retry.


If the mission is scrubbed again, the next launch window would be Sunday afternoon, with weather forecasts appearing somewhat more favorable for that day.


Musk, the South African-born high-tech entrepreneur who made his fortune in Silicon Valley, is also the CEO of electric carmaker and battery manufacturer Tesla Inc. He founded Hawthorne, California-based SpaceX, formally known as Space Exploration Technologies, in 2002.


Hurley, 53, and Behnken, 49, NASA employees under contract to fly with SpaceX, are expected to remain at the space station for several weeks, assisting a short-handed crew aboard the orbital laboratory.


Aerospace giant Boeing Co, producing its own launch system in competition with SpaceX, is expected to fly its CST-100 Starliner vehicle with astronauts aboard for the first time next year. NASA has awarded nearly $8 billion to SpaceX and Boeing combined for development of their rival rockets.


Reporting by Joey Roulette in Cape Canaveral, Fla.; Writing by Steve Gorman; Editing by Daniel Wallis







#News | https://sciencespies.com/news/spacex-nasa-to-try-again-for-landmark-launch-of-two-astronauts-from-florida/

Eagle Stabbed Through the Heart—and a Loon’s to Blame


When a bald eagle showed up dead in a Maine lake last summer, authorities suspected it might have been shot. But when an X-ray failed to find signs of metal in the bird’s chest, the veterinarian found something else—a stab wound straight into the eagle’s heart. The case became a wild whodunnit.



















To solve the murder mystery, the eagle’s remains were sent to the National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisconsin, for a thorough necropsy, wildlife biologist Danielle D’Auria explains in a blog post for the Maine Department of Island Fisheries and Wildlife. There, the identity of a likely culprit emerged. The puncture wound matched the size and shape of a loon’s straight, dagger-like bill.








But what about motivation? Near the dead eagle, Maine wildlife warden Neal Wykes had found a dead loon chick. In Wisconsin, the pathologists confirmed that its wounds matched the spacing of an eagle’s talons. All together the evidence suggests that when an eagle swooped in to steal a loon chick for a snack, the loon parent took revenge.








"From our understanding, this is the first time this has been documented where it [a loon] has actually killed an eagle, a pretty top predator,” D'Auria tells Dustin Wlodkowski at NECN. “That's why it was pretty fascinating."








Loons are a well-loved diving bird that can be found on wooded lakes throughout the northern United States and Canada, known for their low-pitched songs that can be heard across a body of water. They appear tranquil and proud—and sometimes adorable, carrying fluffy chicks on their backs—they’re also savage fighters. They’re known to fight ducks and Canada geese, and normally aim their stabbing bills at each other. As D’Auria writes, adult loons often have multiple healed puncture wounds on their chests.








“It’s been going on for millennia,” says The Loon Preservation Committee senior biologist John Cooley to Jason Bittel at National Geographic. “It’s survival of the fittest happening on our lakes.”








Altercations between loons and bald eagles are a relatively new phenomenon to wildlife biologists because for decades, bald eagle populations were so low. But as their population recovers, the interactions are happening more often as the eagles prey on loon chicks and sometimes even adults. That an adult loon could fend one off caught biologists’ attention.








"Word got around that this eagle had been found dead," D’Auria tells NECN. "I heard about it through loon researchers who had heard about it through a wildlife rehabilitator."








Normally when an eagle is found dead, its remains are sent to the National Eagle Repository in Colorado, so that its parts can be distributed to Native Americans for ceremonial purposes, D’Auria explains in the blog. Researchers had to obtain special permission from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service to get a fuller understanding of the circumstances of its death. And while the event may seem like a tragedy for the eagle and the loon chick, Cooley explains that the event is a good sign for conservation efforts.








“We want natural problems like this to replace the human-caused problems, like lead fishing tackle as a source of mortality,” Cooley tells National Geographic. “You know, we’re living for the day when eagles are the worst thing that loons have to deal with.”








It seems that when eagle populations plummeted as a result of DDT, habitat destruction and illegal hunting, loons came to rule the roost. But now that eagles are recovering, the two species must duke it out and find a new equilibrium.








“There’s a balance,” Vermont Center for Ecostudies loon biologist Eric Hanson tells National Geographic by email. “Eagles need to eat, and loons will defend their chicks as best they can.”














#News | https://sciencespies.com/news/eagle-stabbed-through-the-heart-and-a-loons-to-blame/

A rising tide of marine disease? How parasites respond to a warming world

Warming events are increasing in magnitude and severity, threatening many ecosystems worldwide. As the global temperatures continue to climb, it also raises uncertainties as to the relationship, prevalence, and spread of parasites and disease.


A recent study from the University of Washington explores the ways parasitism will respond to climate change, providing researchers new insights into disease transmission. The paper was published May 18 in Trends in Ecology and Evolution.


The review builds upon previous research by adding nearly two decades of new evidence to build a framework showing the parasite-host relationship under climate oscillations. Traditionally, climate-related research is done over long timescales, however this unique approach examines how increasingly frequent "pulse warming" events alter parasite transmission.


"Much of what is known about how organisms and ecosystems can respond to climate change has focused on gradual warming," said lead author Danielle Claar, a postdoctoral researcher at the UW School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. "Climate change causes not only gradual warming over time, but also increases the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, like heat waves."


Claar explained that both gradual warming and pulse warming can and have influenced ecosystems, but do so in different ways. Organisms may be able to adapt and keep pace with the gradual warming, but an acute pulse event can have sudden and profound impacts.


The 2013-2015 "blob" is one such extreme heat pulse event which has been linked to a massive die-off of sea stars along the Pacific coast of the U.S. and Canada. Many species of sea stars, including the large sunflower sea star, were decimated by a sudden epidemic of wasting disease. Five years later, populations in the region are still struggling to recover. The abnormally warm waters associated with the blob are thought to have favored the spread of the sea star-associated densovirus, the suggested cause of the disease.


The authors compare the prevalence of these marine diseases to a rising tide, an ebbing tide, or a tsunami. Disease transmission can rise or ebb in concert with gradual warming or a series of pulse warming events. However, a severe pulse warming event could result in a tsunami, "initiating either a deluge or drought of disease," as was observed with sea stars along the Pacific Northwest.


However, not all pulse heat events will cause the same response. What may benefit a particular parasite or host in one system can be detrimental in another. Warming can alter a parasite's life cycle, limit the range of suitable host species, or even impair the host's immune response. Some flatworms which target wildlife and humans cannot survive as long in warmer waters, decreasing their window for infecting a host. Another recent UW study found that parasites commonly found in sushi are on the rise with their numbers increasing 283-fold in the past 40 years, though the relationship between heat pulse events and their abundance is not yet clear.


"The relationships between hosts, parasites, and their corresponding communities are complex and depend on many factors, making outcomes difficult to predict," said Claar, who recommends researchers make predictions on a case-by-case basis for their individual systems.


The authors conclude that rather than a straightforward tidal prediction, they would expect pulse warming to cause "choppy seas with the occasional rogue wave."


"It is important that we are able to understand and predict how parasitism and disease might respond to climate change, so we can prepare for, and mitigate, potential impacts to human and wildlife health," said Claar.


Story Source:


Materials provided by University of Washington. Original written by Dan DiNicola. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.






#Nature | https://sciencespies.com/nature/a-rising-tide-of-marine-disease-how-parasites-respond-to-a-warming-world/

Intelsat asks bankruptcy to clear roadblock for Spaceflight launch business sale

WASHINGTON — Intelsat is asking its bankruptcy court for authorization to modify a $50 million loan to Spaceflight Industries’ Earth-observation business BlackSky that could become a snag in Spaceflight’s sale of its launch rideshare business. 


Intelsat signed the BlackSky loan Oct. 31, about two weeks before it was publicly announced, according to a bankruptcy document. That same day Mitsui & Co. loaned Spaceflight Industries a separate $26 million with an eye toward acquiring its launch rideshare business. In February Mitsui announced it was buying that business with Yamasa Co., Ltd., who will own it in a 50/50 joint venture.


Intelsat and Mitsui signed an intercreditor agreement where each company used part of Spaceflight Industries as collateral — Spaceflight’s launch and mission control business by Mitsui and Spaceflight’s BlackSky business by Intelsat. That agreement and others between the three companies made Mitsui’s acquisition of Spaceflight’s launch business contingent upon Intelsat relinquishing its liens on Mitsui’s collateral. 


Prior to Intelsat’s bankruptcy, Spaceflight said it expected the sale to close in the second quarter of 2020. The Mitsui transaction passed a review by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) on April 22, clearing the deal of national security concerns from regulators. Intelsat’s bankruptcy court is not expected to hear the motion on Spaceflight’s loan until June 9, however.


Jodi Sorensen, vice president of marketing for Spaceflight Inc., the launch arm of Spaceflight Industries, said the company still expects the acquisition to close soon despite the bankruptcy tie-up. 


“The close of the acquisition of Spaceflight by Mitsui is progressing and we expect it’ll be finalized shortly,” she said by email May 28. 


Once Mitsui completes its purchase of Spaceflight Industries’ launch business acquisition, Spaceflight will use the sale proceeds to pay back the $26 million loan and use any additional proceeds to pay down an undisclosed amount of overdue payments to LeoStella, the joint venture between Spaceflight Industries and Thales Alenia Space tasked with building BlackSky’s constellation. 


BlackSky is planning a constellation of  60 Earth-observation satellites, of which four are in orbit and eight are expected to launch this year. 


Intelsat told its bankruptcy court that the Spaceflight Inc. acquisition is good for BlackSky, since proceeds from the sale “enhances liquidity available to BlackSky” and increases the value of Intelsat’s loan. 


Intelsat reiterated that it sees significant value from the “synergistic and strategic potential” of pairing BlackSky’s remote sensing business with its telecommunications business, a partnership that could result in joint services.









#Space | https://sciencespies.com/space/intelsat-asks-bankruptcy-to-clear-roadblock-for-spaceflight-launch-business-sale/

Friday, May 29, 2020

Coronavirus infection rate may shift toward younger ages; death risk higher in cancer patients



FILE PHOTO: Small bottles labeled with a "Vaccine COVID-19" sticker and a medical syringe are seen in this illustration taken taken April 10, 2020. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration/File Photo


(Reuters) - The following is a brief roundup of some of the latest scientific studies on the novel coronavirus and efforts to find treatments and vaccines for COVID-19, the illness caused by the virus.


Coronavirus infection burden may shift to younger age groups


As the coronavirus infection rate in Washington State passed its peak, cases in people over age 60 fell 10%, while infections among younger age groups rose steadily, researchers say. The nation's first known major outbreak took place at a nursing home in the state. Later in the outbreak, however, infections rates among those under age 40 increased from 20% to 40% of total cases, according to a report posted on Thursday without peer review on the medRxiv preprint server. "The fact that young people do not usually get as sick as older people and people with comorbidities is a double edged sword," co-author Dr. Henry Kaplan of the Swedish Cancer Institute in Seattle told Reuters. "It also means that they are often unaware that they have the disease or unaware of the risk that they pose to others. As a result, there is a natural tendency to be lax about distancing, masks, and other precautions... While the younger patients will usually do fine with the disease, we need to ensure that they don't become the dominant vector in spreading it." (bit.ly/2zAHDxE)


Cancer patients with COVID-19 at higher risk of death


Cancer patients who contract COVID-19 are at increased risk of dying within a month, new research shows, and treatment with a combination of malaria drug hydroxychloroquine and the antibiotic azithromycin may contribute to that added risk. Among 928 adults with COVID-19 and active or previous cancer, 13% died within 30 days of their coronavirus diagnosis - twice the roughly 6.5% rate seen among all infected patients worldwide, Dr. Jeremy Warner of Vanderbilt University in Nashville said on Thursday at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting, held virtually this year. Patients with progressing cancer were roughly five times more likely to die within 30 days than those in remission or with no evidence of disease. Other factors tied to a higher risk of death included older age, male gender, former smokers, additional illnesses, and use of hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin. However, the researchers emphasize other factors, such as how severely ill those who received the drugs may be, make it difficult to draw conclusions about their impact on the death rate. Neither the type of cancer, the therapy used to treat it, or recent surgery were associated with increased death risk, however, suggesting that certain treatments could continue during the pandemic "with extreme caution," Warner's team wrote on Thursday in The Lancet. "These findings have implications for patients and healthcare providers who will be confronted with difficult decisions during the (coronavirus) pandemic, such as whether to withhold or continue anticancer treatments, and whether to accelerate end-of-life planning under some circumstances." (; bit.ly/2XI2VBh)


Older, overweight people with diabetes at higher risk of swift death from coronavirus


A large study from France helps quantify the risks faced by people with diabetes and coronavirus infection. Among 1,317 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes, roughly one in 10 died within seven days and nearly a third required a ventilator for breathing assistance or died in that period. Fewer than one in five could be discharged within a week. The average patient in the study was age 70, and most had type 2 diabetes, researchers reported on Friday in Diabetologia. Poor outcomes were more common when patients were older, had diabetes complications or were overweight. While long-term blood sugar control was not linked with COVID-19 severity, being overweight was independently associated with the risk for needing mechanical ventilation or dying within seven days. Type 2 diabetes has long been associated with obesity. "Special attention" should be paid to protecting overweight elders with diabetes complications from "contamination" with the coronavirus, the researchers said. (bit.ly/2Apm4zO)


Higher COVID-19 infection rate among blacks linked to societal issues


Data from the coronavirus outbreak in Louisiana confirms a disproportionate infection rate and more deaths among blacks, but a lower percentage death rate, researchers at the Ochsner Health system found. Although 31% of the more than half a million people in Ochsner's coverage area are black, non-Hispanic blacks accounted for 77% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and 70.6% of related deaths. But the death rate was actually higher in whites at 30.1% versus 21.6%, the researchers reported on Wednesday in The New England Journal of Medicine. And after patients' condition at hospital admission plus social and demographic data were taken into account, blacks and non-Hispanic whites were equally likely to die from the virus, they found. To understand why more blacks become infected, "you have to think about what the circumstances are that increase their risk of exposure," study leader Dr. Eboni Price-Haywood told Reuters. "In New Orleans and surrounding areas, our economy is based on the service industry and the tourist industry, where the vast majority of people working in this field are minority populations," she said. Racial disparity in COVID-19 may also reflect differences in rates of chronic conditions that increase the risk of severe illness, such as obesity, heart disease or diabetes. "The disparities in health that we see among the population is something we've known for decades," said Price-Haywood. "COVID-19 just opened the door to a conversation about something we already know." (bit.ly/2TNUbbQ)


Reporting by Nancy Lapid, Julie Steenhuysen, Gene Emery and Megan Brooks; Editing by Bill Berkrot







#News | https://sciencespies.com/news/coronavirus-infection-rate-may-shift-toward-younger-ages-death-risk-higher-in-cancer-patients/