Supporters of the climate movement Ende Gelaende protest at the coal-fired power station Lippendorf near Leipzig, Germany, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019. Ende Gelaende is an action alliance for an immediate coal exit, climate justice and a fundamental system change. The alliance announces a mass action of civil disobedience in the Saxony and Lusatian coal mining area in Germany. (AP Photo/Jens Meyer)
Mass protests, a last-minute venue change and talk of climate tipping points are adding some unplanned drama to this year's international talks on tackling global warming.
Delegates from almost 200 countries had hoped to put the finishing touches to the rules governing the 2015 Paris accord, ironing out a few wrinkles left over from last year's conference in Katowice, Poland, and setting the scene for a major review of their efforts in 2020.
But then Brazil pulled its offer of hosting the talks and stand-in Chile, rattled by anti-government protests, canceled five weeks before the meeting. Next, President Donald Trump served formal notice that the United States was quitting the Paris accord, delivering a symbolic blow to one of his predecessor's signature achievements.
And scientists? Well, they didn't have any good news either. Study after study published in recent months has underscored the rapid pace of global warming and the need to urgently cut emissions of greenhouse gases.
Against that backdrop, the Dec. 2-13 meeting in Madrid has gained fresh impetus.
"We have to do more in less time," said Spanish environment minister Teresa Ribera, whose country stepped in at short notice to host the talks, saying it wanted to support "constructive multilateralism" in the wake of Chile's announcement and the U.S. withdrawal.
Supporters of the climate movement Ende Gelaende protest in front of a coal-fired power station Lippendorf near Leipzig, Germany, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019. Ende Gelaende is an action alliance for an immediate coal exit, climate justice and a fundamental system change. The alliance announces a mass action of civil disobedience in the Saxony and Lusatian coal mining area in Germany. (AP Photo/Jens Meyer)
U.N. climate chief Patricia Espinosa said Saturday that "science tells us we are still in time" to tackle the climate crisis.
"That doesn't mean changing the world by tomorrow, but we must make decisions today," she said during a visit to the meeting venue.
Organizers expect around 25,000 visitors, including heads of state, scientists, seasoned negotiators and activists to attend the two-week meeting.
The main items on the agenda include finalizing rules on global carbon markets and agreeing how poor countries should be compensated for destruction largely caused by emissions from rich nations.
Proposals to create a worldwide market for emissions permits have been around for decades. The idea is that putting a price on carbon dioxide—the main greenhouse gas—and gradually reducing the available permits will encourage countries and companies to cut their emissions, notably by shifting away from fossil fuels toward renewable energy sources.
A participant takes a selfie ahead of the Climate Summit COP25 in Madrid, Spain, Friday, Nov. 29, 2019. The Climate Summit COP25 runs between 2 Dec. until 13 Dec in Madrid. (AP Photo/Manu Fernandez)
The European Union and some other jurisdictions already operate limited emissions trading systems, but efforts to roll these out worldwide have been hampered by fears that the lack of robust and transparent rules could corrupt the market.
"It would be great news to finalize this issue," said Ribera. But she warned that the "solvency and integrity of the system" was a concern.
"If we cannot complete it correctly, it's better to lay the ground for later completion," said Ribera.
That view was echoed by Yamide Dagnet, a former EU climate negotiator now with the Washington-based environmental think tank World Resources Institute.
"Without proper oversight and robustness these mechanisms could severely undercut climate action by creating loopholes, letting countries off the hook for making meaningful emission cuts, resulting in double counting and jeopardizing environmental integrity," she said.
Following the call of Fridays For Future Hungary and Extinction Rebellion Hungary young environmentalists demonstrate to demand measures against climate change in Budapest, Hungary, Friday, Nov. 29, 2019. (Zoltan Balogh/MTI via AP)
The question of compensating poor countries for environmental destruction—technically referred to as loss and damage—is also likely to be sensitive, said Dagnet. Attributing specific weather disasters such as hurricanes and floods, or slow but irreversible changes like sea level rise and desertification, to climate change remains a delicate issue given the potential sums involved.
Concerns about the cost of climate change are growing on all fronts. Trump cited financial demands on the United States as one of the reasons for quitting the Paris accord; European countries have hesitated to raise fuel prices for fear of sparking yellow vest-style protests like those seen in France; meanwhile, businesses are beginning to consider the price not just of reducing emissions but also of failing to do so.
Scientists say the time to act is now, if the world wants to meet the goal set in Paris of keeping global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), ideally 1.5 C by the end of the century. By some measures average temperatures have already increased by one degree Celsius since pre-industrial times, with the sharpest rise occurring in the last few decades.
Protesters march to demand action on climate change, on the streets in Lagos, Nigeria Friday, Nov. 29, 2019. Protesters around the world joined rallies on Friday as a day of worldwide demonstrations calling for action against climate change. (AP Photo/Sunday Alamba)
A demonstrator holds a poster during a protest climate strike ralley of the 'Friday For Future Movement' in Leipzig, Germany, Friday, Nov. 29, 2019. Cities all over the world have strikes and demonstrations for the climate during this ClimateActionDay. (AP Photo/Jens Meyer)
A woman shouts slogans as she marches with others during a worldwide protest demanding action on climate change in Brussels, Friday, Nov. 29, 2019. (AP Photo/Francisco Seco)
Thousands of demonstrators attend a protest climate strike ralley of the 'Friday For Future Movement' in front of the Federal Administrative Court building in Leipzig, Germany, Friday, Nov. 29, 2019. Cities all over the world have strikes and demonstrations for the climate during this ClimateActionDay. (AP Photo/Jens Meyer)
Chilean Environment Minister and chair of COP25 Carolina Schmidt attends a press conference ahead of the Climate Summit COP25 in Madrid, Spain, Friday, Nov. 29, 2019. The Climate Summit COP25 runs between 2 Dec. until 13 Dec in Madrid. (AP Photo/Manu Fernandez)
Participants walk ahead of the Climate Summit COP25 in Madrid, Spain, Friday, Nov. 29, 2019. The Climate Summit COP25 runs between 2 Dec. until 13 Dec in Madrid. (AP Photo/Manu Fernandez)
"Global warming is going faster," said Johan Rockström, co-director of Germany's Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. "Climate impacts are occurring earlier and we are approaching potentially irreversible thresholds earlier than we previously thought."
Rockström and several colleagues recently warned that the world is heading for several " tipping points " that could sharply accelerate the pace of climate change. They include deforestation in the Amazon and the decline of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica.
Such messages resonate with environmental activists like Laura Laguna, a member of the Madrid chapter of Fridays for Future, one of the groups planning to protest during the climate talks, known as the 25th Conference of the Parties, or COP25.
"We are close to the point of no return on global warming," Laguna said. "Our generation's future depends on what we do now."
Ribera, whose formal title is interim minister for ecological transition, indicated that European Union leaders may try to send a strong signal during the meeting that the bloc is prepared to make sharper cuts to its emissions than previously pledged. A recent proposal to aim for "climate neutrality" by 2050 failed to win support from all of the EU's 28 member states—including the host of last year's talks, Poland.
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Science warnings, US retreat add urgency to UN climate talks (2019, November 30)
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