Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram started out as a way to connect with friends, family and people of interest. But anyone on social media these days knows it's increasingly a divisive landscape.
Undoubtedly you've heard reports that hackers and even foreign governments are using social media to manipulate and attack you. You may wonder how that is possible. As a professor of computer science who researches social media and security, I can explain – and offer some ideas for what you can do about it.
Bots and sock puppets
Social media platforms don't simply feed you the posts from the accounts you follow. They use algorithms to curate what you see based in part on "likes" or "votes."
A post is shown to some users, and the more those people react – positively or negatively – the more it will be highlighted to others. Sadly, lies and extreme content often garner more reactions and so spread quickly and widely.
But who is doing this "voting"? Often it's an army of accounts, called bots, that do not correspond to real people. In fact, they're controlled by hackers, often on the other side of the world. For example, researchers have reported that more than half of the Twitter accounts discussing COVID-19 are bots.
As a social media researcher, I've seen thousands of accounts with the same profile picture "like" posts in unison. I've seen accounts post hundreds of times per day, far more than a human being could. I've seen an account claiming to be an "All-American patriotic army wife" from Florida post obsessively about immigrants in English, but whose account history showed it used to post in Ukranian.
Fake accounts like this are called "sock puppets" – suggesting a hidden hand speaking through another identity. In many cases, this deception can easily be revealed with a look at the account history. But in some cases, there is a big investment in making sock puppet accounts seem real.
For example, Jenna Abrams, an account with 70,000 followers, was quoted by mainstream media outlets like The New York Times for her xenophobic and far-right opinions, but was actually an invention controlled by the Internet Research Agency, a Russian government-funded troll farm and not a living, breathing person.
Sowing chaos
Trolls often don't care about the issues as much as they care about creating division and distrust. For example, researchers in 2018 concluded that some of the most influential accounts on both sides of divisive issues, like Black Lives Matter and Blue Lives Matter, were controlled by troll farms.
More than just fanning disagreement, trolls want to encourage a belief that truth no longer exists. Divide and conquer. Distrust anyone who might serve as a leader or trusted voice. Cut off the head. Demoralize. Confuse. Each of these is a devastating attack strategy.
Even as a social media researcher, I underestimate the degree to which my opinion is shaped by these attacks. I think I am smart enough to read what I want, discard the rest and step away unscathed.
Still, when I see a post that has millions of likes, part of me thinks it must reflect public opinion. The social media feeds I see are affected by it and, what's more, I am affected by the opinions of my real friends, who are also influenced.
The entire society is being subtly manipulated to believe they are on opposite sides of many issues when legitimate common ground exists.
I have focused primarily on US-based examples, but the same types of attacks are playing out around the world. By turning the voices of democracies against each other, authoritarian regimes may begin to look preferable to chaos.
Platforms have been slow to act. Sadly, misinformation and disinformation drives usage and is good for business.
Failure to act has often been justified with concerns about freedom of speech. Does freedom of speech include the right to create 100,000 fake accounts with the express purpose of spreading lies, division and chaos?
Taking control
So what can you do about it? You probably already know to check the sources and dates of what you read and forward, but common-sense media literacy advice is not enough.
First, use social media more deliberately. Choose to catch up with someone in particular, rather than consuming only the default feed.
You might be amazed to see what you've been missing. Help your friends and family find your posts by using features like pinning key messages to the top of your feed.
Second, pressure social media platforms to remove accounts with clear signs of automation. Ask for more controls to manage what you see and which posts are amplified. Ask for more transparency in how posts are promoted and who is placing ads. For example, complain directly about the Facebook news feed here or tell legislators about your concerns.
Third, be aware of the trolls' favorite issues and be skeptical of them. They may be most interested in creating chaos, but they also show clear preferences on some issues.
For example, trolls want to reopen economies quickly without real management to flatten the COVID-19 curve. They also clearly supported one of the 2016 US presidential candidates over the other. It's worth asking yourself how these positions might be good for Russian trolls, but bad for you and your family.
Perhaps most importantly, use social media sparingly, like any other addictive, toxic substance, and invest in more real-life community building conversations. Listen to real people, real stories and real opinions, and build from there. 
Jeanna Matthews, Full Professor, Computer Science, Clarkson University.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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